Causes of Infertility: Thyroid Problems

Thyroid problems may occur in men or women and these lead to a hormonal imbalance that may be among the most common causes of infertility. Thyroid problems may be of two main types: either hypothyroidism (an insufficient production of thyroid hormones) or hyperthyroidism (hyperactivity of the thyroid glands causing thyroid hormones in excess). Both can lead to conception difficulties.

Thyroid Problems

The thyroid glands are located at the base of the neck and produce the thyroid hormones which are essential for the body's normal metabolism. The thyroid gland may produce thyroid hormones in excess (hyperthyroidism) or in deficit (hypothyroidism).

Thyroid Problems and Fertility

Thyroid problems may affect the hormonal levels and consequently fertility. In women, the hormonal fluctuations may cause anovulation or irregular periods. Thyroid problems can also cause luteal phase defect (LPD), which is the time between ovulation and menstruation that is less than 10 days. Ideally the luteal phase is between 12 and 14 days. Women with LPD have fewer chances of conceiving. Thyroid problems can also cause early miscarriage in pregnant women. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels should be normal for optimal conditions of conception. When the TSH levels are above of below 5 or 5.5, there is a hormonal imbalance.

Symptoms of Thyroid Problems

Thyroid problems may be manifested through a wide range of symptoms such as:

  • Excessive sweating
  • Night sweating
  • Oily skin, due to the excess production of sebum in the case of hyperthyroidism
  • Dry, flaky skin in hypothyroidism
  • Acne
  • Irregular heart beat
  • Elevated cholesterol levels
  • Agitation
  • Irritability
  • Weight loss or weight gain
  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Increased appetite in hyperthyroidism and lack of appetite in hypothyroidism

Causes of Thyroid Problems

The causes of thyroid disease are not clearly established, but may be due to a defect of the thyroid gland or a tumor located in the neck.

Detection of Thyroid Problems

There are several tests that may be performed to detect thyroid problems. The TSH test is the first test that will be performed if thyroid problems are suspected. Further tests to differentiate between hypo and hyperthyroidism will be performed. An ultrasound may be helpful to show if there are tumors on the glands. If a tumor is present, a biopsy is necessary to establish if it contains cancerous cells.

Treatment Options

Thyroid problems may be treated with medication or by removing the thyroid gland or parts of the thyroid gland. Treating thyroid problems will increase fertility and may also prevent miscarriage in pregnant women. The treatment of thyroid problems in women that plan to have a family is essential to prevent potential problems that may occur due to this condition. A mother with a thyroid problem may give birth to a baby that is mentally retarded or has other mental and physical disorders.

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